ABSTRACT

Nanoemulsions are only kinetically stable. However, the long term physical stability of nanoemulsions (with no apparent flocculation or coalescence) makes then unique and they are sometimes referred to as ‘Approaching thermodynamic stability. The inherently high colloid stability of nanoemulsions can be well understood from a consideration of their stearic stabilization (when using non-ionic surfactants and /or polymers) and how this is affected by the ratio of the adsorbed layer thickness to droplet radius. This present review focused on preparation, physical property, characterization and advantages of nanoemulsions. It concluded Nanoemulsions are proposed for numerous applications in pharmacy as drug delivery systems because of their capacity of solubilizing nonpolar active compounds. Thus the use of Nanoemulsions as formulations for active delivery and targeting is also an active and interesting application of
nanoemulsion.

Keywords: Nanoemulsions, Stability, Physical property.

ABSTRACT
Transungual drug delivery system is associated with the drug delivery through the hard keratinized nail plate to
treat the diseases of nail itself in conditions like onychomycosis and nail psoriasis, this review is focusing mainly on nail lacquers which have been used as cosmetics since a long time for beautification and protection of nails. These can also be used as a drug delivery system. Medicated nail lacquers are the formulations that are used for transungual drug delivery for maximal antifungal efficacy. The factors, which affect the drug uptake and permeation of drug through the nail plate, are solute molecular size, hydrophilicity / hydrophobicity, charge, and the nature of the vehicle, followed by ways of enhancing drug transport into and through the nail plate. The film formed after application of nail lacquer on the nail surface acts as a drug depot that permits optimized and sustained diffusion across the nail and leads to continuous penetration of active principle to high tissue concentration required for its efficacy. The present review concluded that the medicated nail lacquers are the efficacious dosage forms for treating nail disorders.

KEYWORDS: Transungual, Medicated nail lacquers, nail disorders. Onychomycosis.

ABSTRACT
Polyscias fruticosa (L.) Harm (Family: Araliaceae) is possibly native to Malaysia, but now widely cultivated in
tropical areas and as a greenhouse plant. In Fiji, the root is used as a diuretic. The juice from the bark is taken for thrush and an ulcerated tongue or throat. A poultice made from the bark is used on syphilitic sores. The present study was undertaken to investigate diuretic effect of petroleum ether extract of the Polyscias fruticosa (L.) Harm (PEPF) in albino rats. Acute oral toxicity study was performed as per OECD guidelines. In acute oral toxicity study, mortality was not observed up to 2000 mg/kg bodyweight. PEPF were administered at the doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg, p.o. Furosemide (500 mg/kg, p.o) was used as positive control in study. The diuretic effect of the extract was evaluated by measuring urine volume, sodium and potassium content. Urine volume is significantly increased at two doses of PEPF 250 & 500 mg/kg body wt in treated rats. The excretion of sodium, Potassium levels was also increased by the PEPF. The diuretic effect of the extract was similar to furosemide. The PEPF had the additional advantage of chloride conserving effect. This study concludes that PEPF produced notable diuretic effect which appeared to be comparable to that produced by the standard diuretic furosemide. The present study provides a quantitative basis for explaining the folkloric use of Polyscias fruticosa (L.) Harm as a diuretic agent.

KEY WORDS: Polyscias fruticosa (L.) Harm, Diuretic activity, urine output, Flame Photometry, diuretic index, lipschitz
value.

ABSTRACT

Codiaeum variegatum is used in folklore medicine in fomenting, sealing of secondary infection, healing of wounds and skin eruptions. There was no scientific evidence justifying the use of root of Codiaeum variegatum , therefore the present study was aimed at evaluation of wound healing activity of the plant. In the present study the root of Codiaeum variegatum were studied for wound healing activity by incorporating extract in simple ointment base B.P. in concentration of 2% (w/w) and 4% (w/w) .Wound healing activity was studied in three types of model in rats viz. excision, incision and burn wound model. The results were also comparable to those of a standard drug, nitrofurazone in terms of wound contracting ability, wound closure time, tensile strength. The statistical data indicated that the wound with ointment containing 4% w/w alcoholic extract exhibited significant (P < 0.001) wound contracting ability and period of epithelization. Significant tensile strength was observed with both the ointment formulations 2% w/w and 4% w/w. The results of histopathological examination supported the outcome of both excision and burn wound models. The experimental data demonstrated that Codiaeum variegatum displayed remarkable wound healing activity.

KEY WORDS: Codiaeum variegatum; Alcoholic extract; Excision wound model; Incision wound model; Burn wound
model; Nitrofurazone.

ABSTRACT
The present report is an investigation of anti seizure activity of Ageratum conyzoides L. (Family - Asteraceae)
which is common in disturbed habitats along roadsides and trails, forest margins and openings, clearings, grasslands, and cultivated areas from sea-level to montane. Introduced as an ornamental plant from the Americas, it is now widely cultivated and is present throughout the South Pacific and other warm countries. Essential oils extracted have antibiotic properties. Antinematocidal, anti-inflammatory, anticoagulant, smooth muscle relaxant, haemostatic, analgesic, antifungal, antibacterial and hypothermic activities have been recorded. The methanolic (90%) extract of Ageratum conyzoides L. (MEAC) was subjected to acute toxicity and then screened for antiepileptic activity on Maximal Electroshock (MES) and Pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) induced seizures models in albino wistar rats. Acute toxicity of extract was non toxic up to the recommended dose 2000mg/kg body weight orally as per OECD guidelines No.423. Animals were pretreated with MEAC at the doses of 200 and 400mg/kg body weight. The study reported the significant delay in clonic seizure induced by PTZ and dose dependent decrease in duration of hindleg extensor phase in MES model. In MES model, MEAC showed significant reduction in duration of hindleg extension with 200 mg/kg dose and effect was dramatically reduced with 400mg/kg. Similar dose dependent results were obtained in PTZ model by delayed the onset of clonic convulsions. The complete protective effect against mortality was reported in both the tests. This study predicted possible mechanism of the formulation mediated through chloride channel of the GABA or benzodiazepine receptor complex .However, the exact mechanism of action is not clear, but attributed to its antiepileptic effect. The methanolic extract of Ageratum conyzoides L. deserves further investigation for detailed elucidation of active constituents and the mechanisms of action.

KEYWORDS: Antiseizure activity, Traditional Medicine, Ageratum conyzoides L. Maximal Electroshock,
Pentylenetetrazole