ABSTRACT
The term \"bioavailability\" refers to that proportion of a drug which reaches the systemic circulation unchanged after a particular route of administration. To produce a clinical response, a drug must achieve an effective concentration at its site of action, which must be maintained for an adequate length of time. For orally administered systemic agents, this involves the transfer of the drug from the gut to the systemic circulation. In order to achieve this, the drug must first enter solution, and then pass into the portal blood-i.e. it must undergo absorption. Among all the routes of drug administration the oral route administration of drugs is convenient, and linking drug doses to daily routines such as meal times can improve compliance. However, inter-individual variation in drug response, particularly following oral administration, has long been a problem. Since this variation can result in therapeutic failure or drug toxicity, the \'art of bespoke prescribing\' remains a major goal of clinical pharmacology.
KEY WORDS: Phenotyping, CYP2D6, Adverse events.

ABSTRACT
Niosomes or nonionic surfactant vesicles are one of the many different carriers for transporting a drug molecule to its site of action. They can entrap both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs. Losartan is an angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1) antagonists drug used mainly to treat high blood pressure. Niosomes containing Losartan potassium were prepared by Thin film hydration technique using nonionic surfactants (span 60) and cholesterol at different concentrations. All the niosomes formulations were evaluated for entrapment efficiency, drug content, reproducibility, vesicular diameter, shape and size distribution microphotography, and In vitro release studies. The results suggest that in all the prepared niosomal formulations as the surfactant concentration increases the entrapment efficiency increases. The drug content was uniform in all the prepared niosomal formulations with low SD3. The size of niosomes was found to be uniform and spherical in shape. The In vitro dissolution parameters were studied by using membrane diffusion cells. The formulation F6 shows better controlled released action then other formulation.
KEY WORDS: Cholesterol, Niosomes, Losartan potassium, Span 60.

ABSTRACT
The object of the present study was to develop sustained release matrices of diclofenac sodium which is widely used for analgesic, antipyretic and anti- inflammatory activities. Sustained release matrices of diclofenac sodium achieve a prolonged therapeutic effect by continuously releasing medication over an extended period of time after administration of a single dose. Diclofenac sodium matrix tablets were prepared from different grades of hydroxylpropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) viz. combination of polymers HPMCK4M and HPMCK15M. Optimization techniques using factorial design for two factors at three levels (32 ) was selected to optimize varied response variables viz. release rate exponent (n), k, mean dissolution time MDT and amount of drug released in 12h (Rel12h). The optimum formulation was selected and the results obtained with the experimental values were compared with the predicted values. In conclusion, the results suggest that the developed sustained-release matrix tablets could provide quite regulated release of the drug over an extended period of time.
KEY WORDS: Diclofenac sodium, Matrix tablets, Sustained release, HPMC.

ABSTRACT

                The main aim of the study was to develop orodispersible tablets of Metformin hydrochloride (an an oral antidiabetic biguinide agent) for improving patient compliance, especially those of paediatric & geriatric categories with difficulties in swallowing. In the wet granulation method orodispersible (ORD) tablets were prepared using disintegrants. The prepared batches of tablets were evaluated for weight variation, hardness, friability, wetting time, invitro dispersion time, drug content and invitro dissolution studies. The tablet formulation containing 50 mg of Metformin hydrochloride, 28 mg of lactose, 14 mg of micro crystalline cellulose, 17mg of starch, 8 mg of isapghula husk, 5mg of mannitol, 2mg of talc, 1 mg of mg stearate is considered as the overall best formulation (with an In vitro drug release of 98.2 %) Short term stability studies (at 40±2ºC/75±5% RH) on the best formulation indicated that there no significant changes in drug content. From the FTIR study indicated that there are no drug excipient interactions. Undoubtedly the availability of various technologies and the manifold advantages of orodispersible tablets will surely enhance the patient compliance providing rapid onset of action.

KEY WORDS: Metformin Hydrochloride, Orodispersible tablets, FTIR spectroscopy.

ABSTRACT
Methanolic extract of Trichosanthes dioica was studied for its effect on wound healing, using a dead space wound model in rats. Significant increases in granuloma tissue weight, tensile strength, and hydroxyproline content were observed. In histopathological studies, formation of new blood vessels, fibroblast cells and collagen fibers were found in extract treated group as compared to control. Thus, it was concluded that methanolic extract of Trichosanthes dioica is effective against dead space wounds.
KEY WORDS: Dead space wounds, Tensile strength, Fibroblast cells.

ABSTRACT
An antioxidant is a molecule capable of inhibiting the oxidation of other molecules. Oxidation is a chemical reaction that transfers electrons from a substance to an oxidizing agent Oxidation reactions can produce free radicals. In turn, these radicals can start chain reactions. Antioxidants terminate the chain reactions by removing free radical intermediates, and inhibit other oxidation reactions. They do this by being oxidized themselves, so antioxidants are often called as reducing agents such as thiols, ascorbic acid or polyphenols. Antioxidants are widely used as ingredients in dietary supplements and have been investigated for the prevention of diseases such as cancer, coronary heart disease and even altitude sickness. Antioxidants are our first line of defense against free radical damage, and are critical for maintaining optimum health and wellbeing. The need for antioxidants becomes even more critical with increased exposure to free radicals. Pollution, cigarette smoke, drugs, illness, stress, and even exercise can increase free radical exposure. Because so many factors can contribute to oxidative stress, individual assessment of susceptibility becomes important. Many experts believe that the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for specific antioxidants may be inadequate and, in some instances, the need may be several times the RDA. As part of a healthy lifestyle and a well-balanced, wholesome diet, antioxidant supplementation is now being recognized as an important means of improving free radical protection. Damage to cells caused by free radicals is believed to play a central role in the aging process and in disease progression. The present paper Reviews the Role of Lycotenforte in maintaining optimum health and wellbeing.
KEY WORDS: Free Radicals, Oxidative Stress, Antioxidants, Lycotenforte Capsules.

ABSTRACT
In the present investigation was to evaluate the antioxidant capacity of various extracts from leaf of Stachytarpheta jamaicensis using by in-vitro antioxidant methods were carried out for total antioxidant activity, DPPH, Superoxide radical scavenging activity, iron chelating activity, Nitric oxide radical scavenging activity, Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, FRAP assay, total phenol content and flavonoids content. Methanolic extract of leaf of Stachytarpheta jamaicensis was showed more effective in total antioxidant activity, DPPH and FRAP. The results obtained in the present study indicate that the methanolic extracts of leaf are potential source of natural antioxidant.
KEY WORDS: Stachytarpheta jamaicensis, Total antioxidant activity, DPPH, FRAP assay, Total phenol content and flavonoids content.

ABSTRACT

The present study is an investigation of anti-seizure activity of Barringtonia acutangula (L.) Gaertn. (Family: Lecythidaceae) an evergreen tree which is being used in Indian traditional medicines for treating epilepsy, diarrhoea, dysentery, cholera and ulcers. The ethanol extract of Barringtonia acutangula (EEBA) was subjected to acute toxicity and then screened for anticonvulsant activity on Pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) induced seizures models in albino wistar rats. Acute toxicity of extract was non toxic up to the recommended dose 2000 mg/kg. p.o. Animals were treated with EEBA at doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg body weight. Study results showed, onset of myoclonic spasm and clonic convulsion was delayed in the EEBA treated groups. EEBA showed anti-seizure activity against PTZ animal models.
KEY WORDS: Anti-seizure activity, Barringtonia acutangula, Pentylenetetrazole (PTZ).

ABSTRACT

             Strobilanthus foliosus and Smilax wightii are two important endemic medicinal plants which are extensively used in Ayurvedic medicine and are highly demand able in pharmaceutical industries. Induction of callus in Strobilanthus foliosus and Smilax wightii was carried out using leaf segment explants. The explants were tried with various concentration and combinations of phytohormones. In Strobilanthus foliosus, stock callus developed from leaf segment on MS-medium supplemented with 2, 4, D (2.0mg/l) and BAP (0.5 mg/l) which was used for further experimentation. The callus so formed was green, soft, healthy and fast growing. Whereas in case of Smilax wightii leaf segment explants were used as explants for callus induction and its establishment with various concentrations and combinations of phytohormone. Stock callus developed from leaf segment on MS medium supplemented with 2, 4 D (1.0mg/l) and NAA (1.5 mg/l) was used for further experimentation. The callus so formed on this medium was light green, compact, hard healthy and fast growing. The stock calli (non-differentiating calli) developed were maintained on MS medium by frequent subculturings after every 4-5 weeks.

KEY WORDS: Tissue culture, Medicinal plants, Auxin, Napthalene Acetic Acid.

ABSTRACT

             Hypertension became a major cause of concern not just in elderly but also in the youngsters since it is one of the largest deaths causing disease for the mankind. The disadvantages of most of the antihypertensive drugs such as more frequent administration, extensive first pass metabolism, therapeutic inefficacy and variable bioavailability, make them ideal candidates for fast dissolving film formulation. Lercanidipine Hydrochloride, a potent antihypertensive and antianginal drug is rapidly and almost completely absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract following oral administration. However, absolute bioavailability is reduced to approximately 10% because of extensive first pass metabolism to inactive metabolites. In the present study, Lercanidipine hydrochloride fast dissolving films were formulated by solvent-casting method containing HPMC E15, PVA as polymers and sodium starch glycolate, crospovidone as superdisintegrants. Formulation HF2 with HPMC E15 and crospovidone is considered as the optimized formulation as it showed faster disintegration rate (28sec), maximum in vitro drug release i.e., 98.84% within 10mins. No significant changes were observed during stability studies for the optimized formulation. It was concluded that Lercanidipine hydrochloride fast dissolving oral films can be formulated as a potentially useful tool for an effective treatment of hypertension and management of angina pectoris with improved bioavailability, rapid onset of action and with increased patient compliance.

KEY WORDS: Lercanidipine Hydrochloride, Fast dissolving film, Solvent-casting method.