ABSTRACT
The present study was conducted to evaluate the antispasmodic activity of aqueous leaf extract of Xanthium strumarium on isolated rabbit jejunum. The effect of Xanthium strumarium leaf extract on the intestinal smooth muscle in rabbit was studied in the presence muscarnic agonist acetyl choline using Tyrode solution as physiological salt solution maintained at 37ºC and the percentage contractile response was calculated. The results showed that aqueous leaf extract of Xanthium strumarium inhibited the smooth muscle contraction produced by acetyl choline in dose dependent manner. From the above it was concluded that, the aqueous leaf extract of Xanthium strumarium exhibited antispasmodic activity on isolated rabbit jejunum.
KEY WORDS: Xanthium strumarium, Antispasmodic activity, Rabbit jejunum.

ABSTRACT
In the present study of one pot tandem reductive Schiff base formation from nitroarenes carried out in the presence of iron powder and dilutes acid. A new efficient and environmental friendly procedure for the synthesis of salicylaldehyde-based Schiff bases. The present work involves condensation of salicylaldehyde with various aromatic nitro derivatives. All the compounds synthesized were adequately characterized by their elemental analyses and spectral IR, 1H-NMR. All the structures of the above compounds were in good agreement with spectral and analytical data.

KEY WORDS: Tandem reaction, Intermolecular reductive Schiff base, Green chemistry, Spectral studies, Nitro derivatives.

ABSTRACTColon targeted drug delivery system is capable of protecting the drug in route to the colon i.e. drug release and absorption does not occur in stomach and small intestine, but only released and absorbed once it reaches the colon. A multiparticulate system combining pH sensitive property and biodegradability has been investigated to prepare and evaluate Eudragit S-100 coated Sodium Alginate microspheres for colon targeting of Tramadol hydrochloride. Uncoated Tramadol Hydrochloride microspheres were prepared by Ionotropic Gelation Technique using different ratios of Tramadol Hydrochloride and Sodium Alginate. Coated Tramadol Hydrochloride microspheres were prepared by Coacervation Phase Separation Technique using different ratios of uncoated Tramadol Hydrochloride and Eudragit S-100. Uncoated and coated Tramadol Hydrochloride microspheres were evaluated for percentage yield, particle size. Surface morphology, flow properties, drug content and entrapment efficiency and were found to be within the acceptable range. The uncoated microspheres sustained the release up to 8 hrs whereas coated microspheres sustained the release up to 12 hrs in a pH progression medium mimicking the condition of GIT. The drug release from MC4 formulation coated with Eudragit s-100 (1:4) showed desired rate as there was no drug release observed up to 4-5 hrs, while in colonic fluid controlled drug release was observed releasing about 69.66 % after 12 hrs. The release kinetics followed Peppas showing Super Case II transport. Stability studies suggested formulations were stable. It is concluded from the present investigation that Eudragit S-100 coated Sodium Alginate microspheres are promising controlled release carriers for colon targeted delivery of Tramadol Hydrochloride.KEY WORDS: Colon targeted drug delivery system, Tramadol Hydrochloride, Sodium alginate, Eudragit S-100.

ABSTRACT The interface between nanosystems and biosystems is emerging as one of the broadest and most dynamic areas of science and technology, bringing together biology, chemistry, physics and many areas of engineering, biotechnology and medicine. Any damage at molecular or cellular level is the major culprit for disease & ill health. Nanotechnology, “the manufacturing technology of the 21st century,\" helps us to build a broad range of complex molecular machines by manipulating matter on an atomic and molecular scale. Nanotechnology is the creation of useful materials, devices and system through the manipulation of matter on an atomic, molecular, and supra-molecular level in the length scale of 1-100 nanometer size. At the nano scale, the physical, chemical, and biological properties of materials differ in fundamental and valuable ways from the properties of individual atoms and molecules or bulk matter .It enables the alignment of atoms in the most effective way in a very limited place. Extraordinary devices can be created by using this technique. Molecules could be aligned in such a way as to produce desired result in the areas of strength, ductility, reactivity, conductivity and capacity. This idea facilitates creating devices and structures that would occupy an unimaginably small space and have novel properties and functions because of their small size. The application of nanotechnology in the medical sector is referred as Nanomedicine. Nanoparticles have potential applications in the field of medical sciences including new diagnostic tools, imaging agents and methods, targeted drug delivery, pharmaceuticals, bio implants and tissue engineering. Drugs with high toxic potential like cancer chemotherapeutic drugs can be given with better safety profile with the utility of nanotechnology. The aim of the nanotechnology in the medical sciences is to develop new materials and methods to detect and treat diseases in a targeted, precise, effective and lasting way, with the ultimate goal of making medical practice safer and less intrusive.KEY WORDS: Nanotechnology, Nanoparticles, Quantum dots, Nanomedicine, Targeted drug delivery system, Nanoshells, Smart drugs.

ABSTRACT

The purpose of the work is an attempt to made formulation and evaluation of fast dissolving tablets of Telmisartan by direct compression method with the aid of natural super disintegrant addition. Telmisartan is a Anti-hypertensive drug which is insoluble in water, hence the drug may be slowly dissolves in the gastro-intestinal tract. So the rate of dissolution and therefore its bioavailability is less (bioavailability 42%). The principal aim of this work is to improve bio availability of the drug, patient compliance & immediate control of hypertension. Fast dissolving tablets of Telmisartan were prepared by direct compression using orange peel pectin and Plantago ovata mucilage as super disintegrants. Ten formulations F1 to F6 were developed in such a way that total weight of the tablet remains the same. The tablets were evaluated for their pre and post-compression parameters. It was concluded that among ten formulations F6 showed highest drug release of 99.43% than other formulations and thus selected as the optimized formulation.

KEY WORDS: Telmisartan, Direct compression, Orange peel pectin, Plantago ovata mucilage.

ABSTRACTThis paper justifies the application of voltammetric methods like cyclic voltammeter and square wave voltammeter for the determination of some common antibiotic drugs. Antibiotics are drugs that fight infections caused by bacteria or other microbes. Some of the natural antibiotics are benzyl penicillin, streptomycin, chloramphenicol, tetracyclines and macrolides. Electrochemical methods are widely used in many applications because they are simple, fast; involve no more reagents and low cost. Several methods have been developed for the determination of antibiotics using electrochemical detection, such as; voltammeter at electrochemically activated carbon fiber microelectrodes and capillary-zone electrophoresis with amperometric detection at a carbon disk electrode and a carbon fiber micro-disk array electrode. Electrochemical analysis can be thought of in terms of two broad classes of measurement, potentiometry (potential measurement) and amperometry (current measurement). The voltammeter is an electro analytical method that depends on the measurement of current as a function of applied potential. It is a versatile technique for research purpose, it allows searching into several aspects of the electrochemical reactions, namely those reactions in which electrons exchanges are involved between reactants and products. The use of antibiotics to bring about improved performance in growth and feed efficiency and breeding performance also often lead to harmful residual effects. Accordingly, the determination of antibiotics has to be identified and quantified with complex and strict protocol to be obeyed in pharmaceutical formulations. Thus, a sensitive and reliable method for the determination of antibiotics at residual levels is urgently needed. Therefore, this paper focuses on the two voltammeter methods, namely cyclic and square wave voltammeters.

KEY WORDS: Voltammeter, Electrochemical Reactions.

ABSTRACT

Ebola Virus Disease is a complex, highly infectious and fatal pandemic. While several groups across the world continue to work towards strategies to manage the disease, there is a need to simultaneously target all known and viable pathways in order to accelerate the process of developing a set of interventions. The following article, is concerned with providing an outline of all possible strategies that, if adopted could yield promising results. The process of intervention development has had a promising start with the identification of viable targets within the disease pathway. A combination of high throughput screening of known antivirals against key proteins, and computer aided design of molecules that bind to key proteins involved in the transcription process and applying pharmacophore mapping to the derived parameters could result in the development of an active molecule to arrest Ebola Virus proliferation

KEY WORDS: Ebola Virus, Drug Development, Drug Discovery, Targets, Drug Repositioning, High throughput screening, Combinatorial chemistry.

ABSTRACT Resistance to antimicrobial agents among bacteria and fungi is a persistent problem complicating the management of critically ill patients. To understand the issues involved in resistance in critical care, it is essential to understand the epidemiology and mechanisms of resistance. This present Insilico research aims at finding out the potential multi drug resistance protein target present in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In this work, we performed a complete molecular modeling and visualization of the Multidrug Resistance Gene Coded Proteins, emrB (MTB). Drug designing and development involves ligand selection, protein target identification, protein modeling and molecular docking studies by using online software like Marvin sketch, Microbial genome database, CPH 3.0 model server, Patch dock and Discovery studio. Then the designed chemical molecules were introduced and validated using advanced Cheminformatics software and tools. Finally, the docking studies were performed on the designed chemical compounds with the pathogen target of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (emrB) based on the drug – protein docking score value. Among the 80 designed chemical compounds, only eighteen compounds docked with emrB had high docking score. The docking results clearly show that the designed chemical compounds act as potential chemical inhibitors with the pathogen targets of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (emrB) based on the drug – protein docking score value. The drug with emrB had high docking score. These chemical agents are potential inhibitors for Human pathogens. These chemicals are eligible candidates for the chemical compound synthesis in Drug designing and development studies. So finally we conclude that the compounds act as excellent therapeutic agents against the human pathogen, Mycobacterium tuberculosis compared to existing drugs like Isoniazid and Pyrazinamide.KEY WORDS: Marvin Sketch, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, docking studies, Patch dock, Discovery studio.

ABSTRACTThe solubility of zinc ferum (II) ferrite in an acidic media (pH=1.6) was determined using atomic absorption spectrometry method. Such media imitates a composition of human gastric juice. An active zinc ion release of the Zn0.4Fe2.6O4 phase into a solution at 37 ºC and slow release of iron ions (Fe2+) were found. The sample’s mass fraction, transferred into a hydrochloric acid solution is: 5.61% of total iron, and zinc iron (II) ferrite -12.1%. The Ñ–n vÑ–tro microbiological screening showed that zinc iron (II) ferrite has moderate antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms, Escherichia coli, fungi of the Candida genus.KEY WORDS: Zinc substituted magnetite synthesis, Ferrite, Atomic absorption spectrometric analysis (AAS), Zinc, Gram-negative and Gram-positive microorganisms, Antimicrobial activity.